Sex Hormones And Its Effect On Gender - 3589 Words

Introduction. â€Å"Gender is complex† (Lippa, A R 1994) there are unlimited influences that affect each and every one of us as we develop as human beings; we are all unique models, shaped not only by our DNA but also by the physical and emotional environment in which we find ourselves including our biological genes, sex hormones and ongoing genetic and hormonal changes can be defined as ‘nature’ and influence physical development and sexual identity while family background, class and belief systems, described as ‘nurture’ affect gender through the encouragement of social norms and familiar gender roles. (Fausto-Sterling, A 2008) Away from the biological, peer group influences, such as school friends and their families also reinforce gender stereotypes while in the wider world mass media, from children s TV to advertising campaigns, government guidelines on education and community structure and various external influences such as culture and religious beliefs, and according to Fausto-Sterling (2008) â€Å"all form the mannerisms of the individual and define ‘gender’† In this paper I aim to use the examples of two well-known products to examine the way in which toy manufactures have impacted on this complex structure and to explore whether or not they exploit traditional stereotypes for better or worse. I will also be looking at reports from psychologists and sociologists to back up the views surrounding gender exploitations and the effects they may have on children. This is anShow MoreRelatedGender Identity1341 Words   |  6 PagesGender Identity Autumn Messina PSY/340 January 24, 2011 Melynda Marchi Gender Identity The development of our gender identity is influenced by both the biological nature of a person and society, but the biology is the foundation of our gender identity. In the following paragraphs I will be discussing the interaction between hormones and behavior, and how these interactions affect the determination of gender identity, the roles of biological factors nature and environmentalRead MoreDescribe the Role of Genes and Hormones in Gender Development794 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Ã¢â‚¬Å"Describe the role of genes and hormones in gender development† Biological sex is determined by chromosomes in your genes. At prenatal development, only a few weeks after conception, there is no notable difference between male and female structure until the Gonadal Ridges, the structure which develops either female or male sex organs, grows to determine the sex of the baby. All prenatal babies have genitalia that appears distinctly feminine until at three months, hormones- testosterone if the baby’sRead MoreDiscuss the Role of Hormones and/or Genes in Gender Development809 Words   |  4 PagesDiscuss the role of hormones and/or genes in gender development. (8 + 16 marks) Biological sex is determined by genes, which are on chromosomes. Humans generally have 23 pairs of chromosomes, one pair of which determines sex. Females have an XX pair while males have an XY pair. Chromosomal sex largely controls how masculine or feminine the eggs development will be. Chromosomal sex controls whether an embryo will develop ovaries or testes. 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Auditing and Ethical Practices Independence Policy

Question: Discuss about theAuditing and Ethical PracticesforIndependence Policy. Answer: Introduction Auditors independence means the independence of the internal and external auditors of the company. The auditors independence policy states that the internal and external auditors must not have any financial interest in the properties of the audited parties. Auditors independence requires honesty and integrity from the side of the auditors. The internal and external auditors must be independent of audit clients as per the Code of ethics as public interest is engaged in the process of audit engagement. It is desired that the auditors will be independent of mind as well as independent in appearance. Independent of mind refers to that the auditor will not be affected by any kind of influence to make his/her personal judgment. Independent in appearance refers to that the auditors will avoid the facts and circumstances that can influence the decision making process of them. Potential Threats As per the above discussion, there should be absolute independence in the audit operations by the auditors. However, as per the case study given, it can be seen that there is a violation in the independence of the auditor of Fellowes and Associates. This process can contribute to severe kind of threats for the audit farm as per the guidelines of Auditing professional and Ethical Standards Board, APES 110 (Apesb.org.au 2016). The potential threats are discussed under as per the APES 110 norms: Severe thereat can be arrived when an audit team member has direct financial interest or material indirect financial interest in the property of the audited party or the audited client. This is one of the most significant threats and there is no safeguards created that can save the individual from this threat. In case of situation one, the audit associate owns shares in the audited firm. This situation implies that the audit associate has financial indirect material interest in the audited firm. Thus, the audit associate cam face the above discusses threat (Quick Warming-Rasmussen, 2014). Same as above, if an associate of the audit firm has a controlling financial interest in the audited firm and the audit firm is material to the audited client, then the audit associate can face severe threat that cannot be safeguarded by any kind of law as per the APES 110 (Tepalagul Lin, 2015). An independence threat is created if an associate of the audit firm has close family member in the audited company or the audit client who has direct material interest. There are some factors that determine the level of the threat. The first factor is the nature of relationship between the audit associate and the family member. Another factor is the nature financial interest materiality (Blay Geiger, 2013). Providing non audit services to the audit client by other partners or by the managerial employees who has direct financial material immaterial interest in the audited company or the audited client is a serious unavoidable threat. There is not any kind of safeguard that can save the employee from this threat (Kouakou, Boiral Gendron, 2013). Independence threat can be created when there is a close relationship of business between the audit team or any associate of the audit team and the audited firm or any member of the audited firm. There are certain aspects of this kind of threats. This kind of threat can be arrived if there is a financial interest about a joint venture between the audit team and the audited firm. Another reason for this kind of threat is when the audit firm involves in the marketing or distribution of the products of the audited client (Dogui, Boiral Heras?Saizarbitoria, 2014). The threat of independence can be formed when a team member or associate of the audit team or the audit firm has a close relationship with a person who is not his family member; but the person is an officer or an director or an manager of the audited entity and he/she has a significance amount of influence on the audited firm. There is some aspect of this kind of threat. The nature of this kind of threat depends on the nature of relationship between the team member of the audited firm and the director, officer and the manager of the audited company. This kind of threat also depends upon the nature of the position which the member of the audited company holds and the role of the audit associate in the audit team or in the audit firm (Bauer, 2014). The independence threat can be arrived if any audit team member or the audit firm violates the rules, regulations and policies of the audit company due to have any financial interest in the audited client or the audited company. These are the potential threats that can be arrived due to occurrence of the situation 1 and 2 in the given case study. These are the threats that are arrived due to the violation of the policy of independence of the auditors. Actions and Safeguard Policies The actions to avoid the above discussed threats are discussed below: In situation 1, as per the above discussion, there is a serious offense to break the rules, regulations and policies regarding the independence of the auditors. It has been seen that one of the associates of Fellowes and Associates has shares in the audited company that is Health Care Holding Group (HCHG). This situation implies that the member of the audit team has financial non material interest in the audit client. To avoid this threat, Fellowes and Associate need to remove that particular audit associate from the audit operation of HCHG. On the other hand, they can ask that team member to sell the shares of HCHG in order to avoid the self-interest threat (Chapple et al., 2014). In situation 2, it is the duty of the management to manage various kinds of assets of the organization including the tangible as well as the intangible assets. Sometime the management of the organization takes some steps which are unethical from the point of view of audit but they are taken for the betterment of the organization. It may happen that the amount of $ 30 million has entered as the value of intangible assets by mistake. Thus, the auditor needs to correct the mistake by showing the actual adjustment (Audits, 2013). To avoid this kind of future incidents, certain safeguards are discussed below: Leadership in the audit process is needed in order to make the audit associates aware about the importance to comply with all the rules, regulations and fundamental principles of auditing. Various kinds of policies and procedures need to be implemented in order to monitor the quality and control on the audit process (Hossain et al., 2016). After that the policies need to be documented in order to indentify the threats of audits, to explain them to the audit team members, to apply the safeguards for these threats and to reduce the threats to the level of acceptance. There must be coordination and compliance between the audit policies and the fundamental principles of the audit (Ge, Simnett Zhou, 2016). It is needed for the audit firms to timely communicate the various kind of policies and fundamental principles of audit to the members of the audit team. If there is any change among the rules and principles, they need to be communicated with the audit team members. The non assurance services of the audit work need to be reviewed by the member of the audit team who is not involved in the non assurance audit team. The audit team needs to keep the fact in mind that the audit client has the appropriate corporate governance structure and proper communication procedures regarding the various services of the firm. Another audit firm can be involved to re-perform the audit program performance. The members of the assurance team need to be rotated on a regular basis in order to maintain transparency in the whole audit process (Henderson et al., 2015). These are safeguards that Fellowes and Associates can implement to avoid the future threats in audit independence. Conclusion From the above study it can be understood that independence of the auditors is an important aspect in the audit process. However, in the case of Fellows and Associates, it has been seen that the policies of auditors independence has been violated. Due to this violation, the audit firm can face a lot of severe threats like independence threat, self-interest threats and many others. In order to avoid these threats, Fellowes and Associates needs to take some steps like to remove the audit associate who has financial non material interests in the audit clients business, to formulate various policies and principles and many others. On the other hand, APES 110 has provided some guidelines which needs to be followed by the audit firms to bring these threats in an acceptance level. References Audits, F. S. (2013). Quality Control Around Financial Statements Audits. Bauer, T. D. (2014). The effects of client identity strength and professional identity salience on auditor judgments.The Accounting Review,90(1), 95-114. Blay, A. D., Geiger, M. A. (2013). Auditor fees and auditor independence: Evidence from going concern reporting decisions.Contemporary Accounting Research,30(2), 579-606. Chapple, L., Crofts, P., Ferguson, C., Hronsky, J. (2014). Professional independence and attachment bias: an exploratory study. Dogui, K., Boiral, O., Heras?Saizarbitoria, I. (2014). Audit fees and auditor independence: The case of ISO 14001 certification.International Journal of Auditing,18(1), 14-26. Ge, Q., Simnett, R., Zhou, S. (2016). Ethical and Quality Control Requirements When Undertaking Assurance Engagements. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K., Howieson, B. (2015).Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Hossain, S., Monroe, G. S., Wilson, M., Jubb, C. (2016). The Effect of Networked Clients' Economic Importance on Audit Quality.Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory. Kouakou, D., Boiral, O., Gendron, Y. (2013). ISO auditing and the construction of trust in auditor independence.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,26(8), 1279-1305. Quick, R., Warming-Rasmussen, B. (2014). An experimental analysis of the effects of non-audit services and related independence threats on auditor independence in appearance. In12th World Congress of Accounting Educators and Researchers. Tepalagul, N., Lin, L. (2015). Auditor Independence and Audit Quality A Literature Review.Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance,30(1), 101-121. uploads/standards/apesb_standards/standard1.pdf. (2016).apesb.org.au. Retrieved 23 November 2016, from https://www.apesb.org.au/uploads/standards/apesb_standards/standard1.pdf

privatizing the public sphere Essay Example For Students

privatizing the public sphere Essay Privatizing the Public SphereThe privatization and fragmentation of space in post-industrial urban America is a widespread social problem. As society becomes even more globalized as a result of technological advances, the rampant spread of a privatized public realm is ever-increasing. Public space is needed as a center in which to bring people together to share a common place. It is within public spaces that public life unfolds and without public spaces such as parks, streets, and buildings, the mixing of classes will become increasingly uncommon. Society is made up of two sectors: the private and public, and it is essential that both remain separate entities. However, through the use of fear tactics especially the threat of violent crimes, privatized settings are spreading throughout the public sphere. In this analysis, it is my intent to explore the various tactics being used to impede upon the public sphere. In doing so, I will explore the causal factors that contribute to the inc reased privatization of urban public life. Historically, the city was an all-encompassing entity. At the dawn of industrialization, large masses of people flocked to the city in hopes of a better economic life for themselves and their families. It was within the city limits, particularly closest to the areas of commerce and exchange that people took up residence, worked, and pursued various social activities. The city served the needs of all its citizens. However, as industrialization moved further along, there was a major shift in urban economics. While many businesses flourished, so did wealth and as this increased, society faced an evolving class system. Three notable classes emerged: the lower/working class, the middle class, and the upper/elite class. While these class divisions grew, a large amount of money was being invested in the creation of public venues. Public institutions were designed to bring education, culture, and in many ways, a sense of community to modern city li fe. A public park or library was a place that people of various classes could come together and share space. However, by the end of the Twentieth century and into the Twenty-First, true public space is becoming almost extinct, as is the middle class. Privatized public space has become the new trend across many American cities. There are many interrelated factors that contribute to the elimination of a public sphere, these include but are not limited to: corporate ownership of property, gentrifying of neighborhoods, an ever increasing disparity between the rich and poor, and new landscape designs. All of these factors work cohesively with one another by instilling a sense of fear into the lives of everyday citizens. Society is becoming more and more policed through the use of surveillance cameras on public walkways, gated communities, but especially, through systematic approaches used to create the feeling that public spheres are unsafe and something to be feared. Corporations are taking over the urban landscape. In previous years, many upper and middle class families fled to the suburbs to escape the everyday hustle of city life. However, in recent years, city living has become glamorized and thus the movement back into the city has increased. Once blighted inner-city neighborhoods are being taken over and revitalized by corporate leaders in hopes to redesign and yuppify these areas. As more money is put into the area, the higher the market value goes up and as a result, many local residents can no longer afford to live there. While these residents are pushed out, a more desirable group of residents move in and thus, take over. This process, known as gentrification, is occurring in many cities all across the nation. In the past, displaced residents could possibly move to another area that was not undergoing this process. However, as we are seeing in Chicago, it is nearing impossibility to move to an area within the city that will not be up fo r revitalization in the near future.As a result of this, many working class and poverty stricken persons and families are having a difficult time developing a communal base which in turn, is the basic denial that citizens should have to live and prosper within a community. .uf4c79802d8f7722a6bf2449dca1f75d6 , .uf4c79802d8f7722a6bf2449dca1f75d6 .postImageUrl , .uf4c79802d8f7722a6bf2449dca1f75d6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf4c79802d8f7722a6bf2449dca1f75d6 , .uf4c79802d8f7722a6bf2449dca1f75d6:hover , .uf4c79802d8f7722a6bf2449dca1f75d6:visited , .uf4c79802d8f7722a6bf2449dca1f75d6:active { border:0!important; } .uf4c79802d8f7722a6bf2449dca1f75d6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf4c79802d8f7722a6bf2449dca1f75d6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf4c79802d8f7722a6bf2449dca1f75d6:active , .uf4c79802d8f7722a6bf2449dca1f75d6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf4c79802d8f7722a6bf2449dca1f75d6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf4c79802d8f7722a6bf2449dca1f75d6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf4c79802d8f7722a6bf2449dca1f75d6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf4c79802d8f7722a6bf2449dca1f75d6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf4c79802d8f7722a6bf2449dca1f75d6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf4c79802d8f7722a6bf2449dca1f75d6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf4c79802d8f7722a6bf2449dca1f75d6 .uf4c79802d8f7722a6bf2449dca1f75d6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf4c79802d8f7722a6bf2449dca1f75d6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Black Like Me: A Cultural Book Report EssayWhile corporate developments have changed the urban neighborhood, they have also greatly, if not more so, destroyed the public space of urban city centers. In Mike Daviss essay, Fortress Los Angeles: The Militarization of Urban Space, he outlines the various ways in which the city is being privatized and the different techniques that those people in power are using to enforce such a trend. It has become an overt effort by city planners and corporate developers to keep out and ultimately criminalize those considered undesirable. Downtown areas are literally becoming exclusive to an elite class of people. Davis points out the ways i n which L.A. is making the city bumproof by the new barrel shaped bus benches, which make it uncomfortable to sleep, the use of outdoor sprinklers equipped with automatic timers, enclosed or gated garbage cans, and the elimination of public restrooms (Sorkin, 162-163). These techniques are acting as agents in which to eliminate the homeless from the streets of L.A. Instead of trying to set up policies and programs that might aid and benefit homeless persons, the city is trying to get rid of the immediate problem. The problem is not that there are homeless people on city grounds but rather, that homelessness and poverty are widespread social problems that need to be addressed and dealt with on a local and national level.Another aspect contributing to privatized public space is the new urban building and residential land design. The new design has created a barrier between the inside and the outside world. In many new, gated communities theres one way in and one way out. Surprisingly, these types of residences, which were once primarily located in the suburbs, are being built within city limits and within city centers.Another feature of the new urban design is the new architectural design of city buildings. In the past, a trip downtown for shopping or for going to a museum was a fairly simple task. However, it has become increasingly common for building and store entrances to be through parking lots or garages. Also store entrances are designed in such way that the only way to enter is through the larger structure of the building. Trying to go shopping downtown without going into the larger building to get to the store is near impossible. Instead, everyday consumers must walk past a security guard while typically under some sort of surveillance just to get into the store. There are extreme measures taken in hopes to weed out any, if not all, undesirables. Another aspect of architectural design is the creation of overhead walkways from one building to another. Th ese walkways make it easier for those people already in the building to get from one place to the next, but for the outsider, it is an intimidating system. Also, these walkways are often under the eye of the ever-present surveillance camera. These overhead walkways are another attempt to keep a watchful eye on the activities of people. While the city has become a private entity, it is important to look at the driving force behind this. The acceptance of privatizing the public is a manifestation of fear. If people were able to get from one place to the next without the eyes of the camera would the world be a safer place? Probably not. However, by creating the illusion of safety people somehow feel secure. Through the practice of barricading buildings, building high fences, and having a video camera present in all potentially public areas the idea of safety permeates throughout the city. The fear that is being instilled through these tactics is in reality, a fear of people and most no tably, the differences among varying groups of people within society. Since the emergence of industrialization, there have been class differences among people. However, as society moves further into the information age, class distinctions are becoming even more wide spread. As the gap between the rich and poor continues to widen, so does access for the poor into the public realm. The decline of a middle class is affecting the structure of society because cities and public venues were once designed to serve the middle class. However, without such a class, cities are now being designed to service an elite class and it is this class that has the power and control over public life. With the widening division between classes, services to the non-elite members of society will continue to diminish. The importance of public space and life is an important aspect of any given society. Without such spaces, society will continue to be dived among class lines. When a certain group of people hold power and its all about power and control, there will always be those that are excluded and denied access to the public sphere. As long as imaginary and irrational fears are instilled into the private lives of the public, society will continue to build fortress around its buildings and to use surveillance cameras outside the doors. Public space is a right to all citizens and due to fear of the unknown; it is diminishing right before our eyes. In this day and age, to be an American means to always be under the watchful eye of another.

Argument Sample Essay - Writing Your Essay

Argument Sample Essay - Writing Your EssayUsing the University Narrative in an Argument Sample Essay is a method of beginning your essay. It will show you how to demonstrate the type of reason that they will use for their decision.When writing an essay it is important to understand what the point of the ideas that you are presenting are. If you cannot determine what they are, then it is likely that you will have difficulty with this part of the essay. For this reason it is extremely important that you pay close attention to the University Narrative as it is used in your argument sample essay.When writing an essay it is important to start off by identifying and analyzing the idea. When you write an essay you want to analyze the theme of the topic. When analyzing a topic you are looking at the way that the problem will be resolved and hopefully the solution to the problem.To do this you need to identify the idea that you are analyzing. Once you identify the idea you want to be able to describe exactly what the reader will find when they look at the idea.The first step in the process is to write your introduction. The introduction will give the reader a feeling of how they will feel about the idea that you are analyzing. They will be able to imagine themselves in the shoes of the reader and therefore get a good feeling for what the person will feel.In the same vein the second step in the process is to develop the argument sample essay. The argument sample essay will describe the idea that you are looking to prove and use a description of the problem that you are trying to solve.The last step in the process isto build the conclusion of the argument sample essay. The conclusion will include the solutions that you propose to the problems that you identify in the introduction. This is the only step in the process that do not really need to be written in advance, but it is very important to include in the essay.

AP history Industrial revolution essays

AP history Industrial revolution essays As the United States recovered from the Civil War and problems with segregation were being resolved the United States went through a major revolution in the industrial sector. Between 1860 and 1900 the United States went from being one of the slowest countries in industrial growth to one of the largest industrial giants. The production of coal grew 2000 percent and the production of steel grew 5000 percent. The leadership of the country, the immigration of people, the increase in miles of railroad, and the augment of populace in the urban areas promoted the industrial development and caused the United States to rumble with industrial expansion. The Republican Party controlled the presidency for six strait terms and well as eight of the ten terms between 1860 and 1900 (Doc. 4). The Republican Party believed in adjusting the tariff, tax on imports, to support the internal industries so that the citizens of the Untied States would prefer to purchase the products of the internal industries Doc. 3). The Republicans also supported improvements to the rivers and harbors. These features allowed the industrialism to swell by promoting their goals. The Republicans support of the industrial revolution and the projects that they allowed the companies to help with began a boom that couldnt be stopped. The growth in immigration aided the industrial revolution in a magnificent way as well. The immigrants were willing to do the manual labor on the railroads so that the native citizens could work the industrial, higher paying jobs in the urban areas. Document 4 shows the large increase in the Immigration to the United States, and Document 2 shows the miles of railroad track that was added each decade, this very similar growth pattern shows that the immigrants played a large part in the ability for the Republican party to reach its goal of having a railroad to the Pacific Ocean. The increase of railroad enabled the Un...

Responding to Wii Essays

Responding to Wii Essays Responding to Wii Essay Responding to Wii Essay On the other hand, there are game developers, who provide the games for the specific console with which end-users play. Both end-users and game developers are customers of providers of video game consoles, namely Nintendo (WI console), Sony (Palpitation 3 console), and Microsoft (Oxbow 360 console). They are customers because providers enter into transactions with each of them and both are sources of revenue streams, end users through the purchase of video game consoles and game developers through the payment of royalties for the right to sell games for the video game console. End users and game developers also carry out transactions between them, namely through the acquisition of games offered for the console. There is a difference though in the number of relationships, as developers establish transactions with all three, while end users only with one of the three providers. The market is not only an example of a platform, but most importantly of the existence of network externalities in the market. End users find more value In their consoles as the end user base Increases, since each individual would be able to share and exchange gaming experiences with more end seers. They also find more value in their consoles as the other pool of customers, that is, game developers, increases. This is due to the fact that more game developers imply more games available to choose from. Developers also find more value in the platform as the number of end users increases, since having a sufficient number of purchasers of their games Is what determines the profitability of their software development efforts. Providers of video game consoles subsidize end users, since these customers are more price-sensitive than game developers and are the ones ho have a higher interest in obtaining high quality from the gaming experience. When a new console is launched, the price that end users pay for their consoles is generally below or at the cost of production. Prices of games, on the other hand, mainly depend on the quality of each title, on the pool of titles available for each console, and on the relative reputation of game developers and publishers. Game developers pay providers of video game consoles a fixed royalty per game produced for the console. Current competitors for Nintendo are Sony and Microsoft. Up until Wigs launch, it can be said that the three console providers competed exactly for the same end user market, namely traditional video gamers. At that point Sony, with the Play Stations 2 and 3 was a clear in the market, based on a better quality product. Nintendo, through the launch of Its WI console, Introduced a radical Innovation, which extended video gaming Into customer segments that had not been reached Deter: Tamales, women, older people, sports lovers, Ana trotter a new way AT playing with the video console much more interactive. This extension is what has given Nintendo the leadership in the market, not superior resources or capabilities that are impossible to replicate. Competition from established rivals is the most important source of competitive pressure in the industry. Being in a platform market with network externalities, the three providers battle for a broader end user base that will make their platforms even more valuable to both sides of the market. It is important to bear in mind, however, that the platform market is crossing boundaries into the broader home PC and entertainment industries, an issue that is determinant in Microsofts decision to enter the video game industry. This is important to consider when evaluating the profitability of the industry, for low or negative returns of some players do not imply that the industry is not potentially profitable. In particular, Microsofts goals are probably more related with strengthening the network effects of the platform with an eye set on offering products and services beyond gaming. Nintendo, on the other hand, is probably more focused on the development of the gaming industry only, with no view to crossing further boundaries. Additionally, both Nintendo and Sony have a portable console (Nintendo ADS and Sony SSP) which trenches their position in the market and provides a source of economies of scale. Power in the industry lies with providers of video game consoles. Game developers depend on the technological capabilities of the consoles to offer new attractive games. Console providers have the ability to determine which game developers can offer products for their platforms, and it is console providers who offer the development tools and support needed for software development efforts. End users, although highly motivated by quality, ultimately limit their choice of video game insoles to the offerings of the market, based on their price sensitivity and perceived total cost of ownership. End users clearly value the products offered in the industry, as evidenced by the fact that all latest generation consoles sold out at launch and the three companies experienced supply shortage to meet demand. They additionally face switching costs, given that their purchased games cannot be played with a competitors console. Finally, end users, independently of the console want to have access to all games, so most developers are forced to develop versions for the three insoles, and their power is therefore limited. Microchip producers (Intel, MOM, Toshiba), although supplying a product that is highly important for the technological capabilities of the consoles, lack the capacity to command power due to the fact that their business relation with their customers is not limited to console production but rather encompass the broader consumer electronics industries. In some cases, specifically with the Oxbow and Palpitations, manufacturing is not carried out by the company itself, but rather is outsourced to manufacturing companies (such as Hon. Ha Precision Industry). These do not hold, however, major power within the industry, given the importance of their major customers in their total sales. Substitutes in this industry are other home entertainment systems that are not necessarily focused on video games. PC-based video games could also be considered a substitute, as well as mobile gaming. However, none of these closely substitute console gaming. Portable consoles represent an extension, as allow end users to play in another environment. There are high barriers to entry since network effects are strong, multi-homing costs Tort Ana users lead teen to prefer navels one or two consoles, Ana current console providers enjoy market power. A highly developed technology is another barrier. For a new player to enter it would need to offer a superior console, with some sort of compatibility that allows end users to use the games they have invested in, or absorbing the cost that end users would incur when considering the switch. Console development and marketing, however, require billions of dollars, building relationships with developers, and passive response from current console providers. Envelopment from different platform markets could theoretically be possible, but existing players (mainly Microsoft and Sony) could also be in a position to counter- envelop. As a result of the key players experience and capabilities in other technology businesses broader than video gaming, the industry has evolved by including functionalities and services beyond the gaming experience. Platform envelopment attempts by another platform market could lead to price wars that reduce the attractiveness of the industry to potential entrants. Nintendo, Sony and Microsoft are all well positioned within the industry. They all have growing end user bases and relationships with game developers, leading to network externalities in their platform markets. Nintendo has always had higher operating margins, even when Sony was the leader of the industry. This is mostly, however, a result of the higher royalty fees that they extract from game developers, a distribution of power that will not necessarily hold to the future, considering that competitors have the potential to offer exciting and attractive capabilities for developers in their new consoles. Higher margins may also be the result of having a higher proportion of Ames developed in-house, which would be a sign that their expertise are in game development rather than in consoles. Sony and Microsoft, given their technological capabilities, relations with providers and marketing expertise, might be in a better position to further evolve the functionalities beyond the gaming experience as the industry crosses boundaries. Microsofts expertise in digital distribution could place it in a better position to reduce costs and expand their reach, and therefore allow them to make some strategic moves that could improve their current market position s a distant third. Strategic Resources and Capabilities of Nintendo and Competitors The video gaming industry, and specifically the provision Microsoft has distinctive capabilities in product development, marketing, and distribution. They are also famous for organizing for creativity, meaning that they encourage disagreement and criticism to spur better creative solutions. They also have strengths in the flexibility of their production, in the sense that they can respond quickly to product development opportunities (partly due to their outsourcing arrangements). Finally, Microsoft has immense financial resources. This is important when you consider that they can further develop capacities that they need through acquisitions. Sony has had a strong record in consumer electronics industry. It has strong capabilities in video technology. It has a large customer base and strong relationships with game developers. They introduced backward compatibility in their Palpitations, which shows their ability to redefine customer expectations and change industry practices. From its industry experience Sony has strong relations with movie studios and similar content providers. It also set the standard for high definition DVD format (the negative side of this is that Sony will find it difficult to price its Palpitation below stand-alone Blue-Ray players Tanat ten company NAS licenses to nutcrackers). Nintendo, on the other hand, lacks sustainable superior technological expertise. Their WI console offers considerably lower graphics processing power, no DVD compatibility, and no capability for audio surround sound. Nineteens relations with game developers were not as strong as its competitors, evidenced by the fact that they had to develop more games in-house. The products advantage was its ease of use, its innovation in motion-sensing controllers, and its appeal to a broader audience of end users, aspects that can be addressed by Microsoft and Sony to regain market share. Unlike its competitors, Nintendo relies completely on the video game industry for its revenues. The company has strong experience in cross- functional teams, important for product development. Evaluation of Strategic Alternatives Based on their strategic resources and capabilities, the recommendation is for Microsoft first to extend the WI functionalities, to retain and increase their current ease of end users. Second, they should also develop their product to target the family segment that Nintendo tapped. Microsoft needs to further strengthen the network externalities of its platform by aggressively expanding its end user base, and has the technological know-how to match and surpass the technological developments of the WI console. Its strength in product development would allow the company to bring to market a suitable solution relatively quickly, and its marketing and distribution capabilities would allow Microsoft to aggressively compete against WI. The company Leary cannot ignore Nineteens leadership, not only because of the end users that the leader is gaining but also because Sony had to attempt regaining market share through matching the WI interactive capabilities, and they have Just launched their Play Station Move in France (http://FRR. Allocation. Com/smoke/). A third step would bring additional features that would be of interest to the expanded customer segments, increasing the functionalities offered to end users (playing and downloading movies and music, playbills, internet access, e-commerce, etc). Expanding the customer base to reach individuals in the 34-65 year range means hat Microsoft could bundle some of its non-gaming software products with the console, effectively expanding the usability of the console. Alternatively, using its platform Microsoft could envelop another unrelated platform from an industry in which the companys resources and capabilities can be applied. This way the company would exponentially expand the network externalities of its multifunctional platform. For example, Microsoft could challenge incumbents dominance in mobile applications through expansion of its online gaming capabilities into the mobile device. This way, end users who value Oxbow online gaming and mobile gaming would benefit from having a mobile phone powered by Microsofts software. Another example could be using its platform, its expertise in e-commerce and its relationships with content providers to create an online store with the same scope as tunes. Currently games can be purchased online, but there is no challenger to tunes domain in digital music downloads. The objective would be to tie the store to the console, in such a way that end users find it worthwhile to switch to Microsoft as their digital music provider, and eliminating their switching costs.

Employee Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Employee Relations - Essay Example 70). The top organizations achieve this by empowering the employees to take part in work place decision making. Therefore, employee engagement in decision making is a powerful factor in organizations’ success. Employees who are engaged in decision making processes in an organization are more focused on their customers and more productive. Therefore, the profit making organizations and employers retain them for the key purposes of business success and continuity (Kahn 1990, 9.700). According to various researches carried out across the global business markets, employees’ engagement in work place decision making is a significant strategy for organizations that aiming to succeed in the global market place. Employee engagement in decision making is not a Human Resources initiative that top level management need to be reminded always. Employee engagement in decision making is a significant initiative, which drives the employee performance in the work place, accomplishment an d continuous improvement always (Conway & Monks 2009, p.155). It is the impact from the way a particular organization associates itself with the employees in order to move the business outcomes. Therefore, various organizations can create employee empowerment by engaging them in decision making processes in the organization. ... The employees who are actively disengaged in making decision process in an organization’s bottom line erode business success and they break the morale of the other employees in the process. Nevertheless, employees are more likely to be involved in work place decision making if the organizations provides various factors (Bakker & Schaufeli 2008, p. 150). For instance, the employee engagement in decision making should be a business strategy and it should concentrate on finding engaged employees and retaining the employees engaged in work place decision making throughout the employment contract. In addition, employee’s engagement in work place decision should mainly focus on business results. This is because workers are mostly engaged in decision making process when the key objectives of the organization are aligned with the objectives of the employees. It is evident that workers feel empowered and motivated when they are accountable to the business success and they can me asure and value the results of the performance and active participation in decision making. The strategic goals and objectives of the employer and the employees should be frequent and there should be an effective communication that informs and reaches the employee at his or her rank and performance in his or her job. Engaged employees in decision making in an organization have the information needed in order have an understanding of what they are supposed to do each day and how their performance affects the company’s priorities and goals (Konrad 2006, p.4). Employee engagement in decision making is very critical to an organization’s success. Nevertheless, some of the organizations do not it