Discussion Mentor Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Mentor - Assignment Example Much of the mentoring has occurred in informal settings, where the nurses only provide guidelines in seeking to ensure that I undertake various nursing activities accurately. They have become an integral part of my career advancement Many of the nurses are experienced and capable of assisting novice individuals with many of their requirements. The knowledge and skills they possess plays a fundamental role in ensuring that they provide the required support (Jill & Bally, 2007). Despite sometimes facing difficulties themselves, they are capable of undergoing extreme conditions, which are also critical in encouraging other nurses (Wilkes, 2006). The efficiency with which they perform their responsibilities is an element that makes them admirable mentors. Despite the inexplicable mentorship skills they possess, the nurses are sometimes affected by some numerous issues, which make them naà ¯ve and susceptible to external pressure. When faced with some challenging situations, it is common for inefficiency to become imminent and sometimes, they have to seek direction and guidance

Technology is impacting daily lives in many ways, especially children Essay

Technology is impacting daily lives in many ways, especially children. Examine the bad effects of technology on the health, education and social life of children in - Essay Example With the advance of technology more and more children are no longer favoring playing beyond the walls of their homes instead their play times have been replaced with long hours of sitting in front of the TV, play station Xbox or on the internet posting videos on you tube, or on twitter and face book if not gaming online. According to Jones, R. (2005) Children need a minimum of 1hr of play per day to ensure they maintain their social life. This poses the danger of mis-information on the children who unlike adults can tell a hoax from the real thing. This ends only confusing children and setting them up for long-term mental failure. According to Graeme, P. (2012) of the Telegraph however points at an even more serious problem â€Å"a generation of children risks growing up with obsessive personalities, poor self-control, short attention spans and little empathy because of an addiction to social networking websites such as Twitter.†(para 4) Furthering this Graeme, P. (2012) of The Telegraph states, â€Å"Young people’s brains were failing to develop properly after being overexposed to the cyber world at an early age† (para 5) according to Chelsea C. and James P. S. (2012) CNN article children were on average doing more than 3000 texts a month. The report notes that unlike the earlier days children are spending more and more time in the media more than with their teachers or parents leaving the paren ting and educating to the cyberspace. The bad effect equally applies to the learning process with the internet largely filled with unverifiable health information. Apart from academic sites linked to universities, colleges and reliable libraries, many websites are full with unverifiable information. Baumeister, R. & Bushman, B. (2011) note that it is important to note that, the minds of children are like sheets of a blank books waiting to be filled. With the current

The red room and the signalman Essay Example for Free

The red room and the signalman Essay How do the authors maintain suspense and tension in The Red Room and The Signalman which story do you consider does this most effectively? In The Red Room by H.G Wells, written in 1885 and The Signalman by Charles Dickens, written in 1894 are both excellent examples of stories concerning the supernatural. Ghost stories and thrillers were very popular in the Victorian Era. These types of stories are found under the genre Gothic. H.G. Wells and Charles Dickens are both renowned authors and are very good at using particular techniques throughout their writing to maintain suspense and tension. The Signalman is set in an age where the train was a brand new technology which was not completely perfected; this made it a perfect place to set a mysterious ghost story. Charles Dickens was influenced to write The Signalman in 1865 when he was in a railway accident in which the train derailed at high speed. Ten people were killed and many injured. By using his experience to write this story it gave the setting a very contemporary edge, which played on societies fear for the latest technology. The Signalman was a man who worked by signalling to drivers to slow down. He lived in a cutting, which was a very dark deep place like a coffin with no quick escape if anything happened. A large red light flicked on and a bell rang whenever a train was approaching. A lot of colours used are associated with mystery and death such as red lightblack tunnelsaturnine face. Charles Dickens also uses personification quite regularly. Angry sunsetthe wind and the wires took up the story with a long lamenting wail. Some quotes such as angry sunset suggest that nature itself is angry. The personification can also make the reader feel that perhaps there is something or someone else present in the darkness. All of the colours are quite dark. Red can easily be related with death through blood. His use of light is very obvious too, for example gloomier entrancedark roomforeshortened, shadowed. The shadows and midst scares the reader by making them think that perhaps there is something lurking in the shadows. The description used in the story make it very gothic as well, for example earthly deadly smell high stone walls damp air. The gothic genre is well known for danger, so when the reader realises that the story is gothic they can tell that something mysterious or dangerous is going to happen. The speed of the narrative changes during the course of the story therefore building tension and suspense. I was sitting here, when I heardthe sleeve away when it was gone, the speed of the story going up can build tension because the reader immediately believes that the story is leading up to something. When the narrative is fast it makes the reader think faster coming up with lots of questions such as what going to happen. The personality of the characters can build tension for instance His attitude was one of such expectation and watchfulness that I stopped. When you first meet the signalman his nervousness leaves the reader wondering what the reason for this behaviour is. Occasionally throughout the story Charles Dickens repeats certain phrases such as Dont call back Halloa, below there. The repetition of these phrases can make the reader think about the reasons, such as why he cannot call back. The Red Room is set lot earlier than it was written giving it a very timeless quality. Everything in the setting is very old fashioned and follows a very standard structure with a foreboding castle, hidden rooms and ghosts. He was purposely gave no indication as to its particular time or location. Just like Charles Dickens he uses the light to give the setting a more sinister atmosphere, dark against the firelight the candles went out. The darkness and shadows darken the room so that the reader cannot visualise the parts of the room making the reader think and imagine what could be lurking in the shadows. The author has very detailed descriptions of certain objects and people, Her pale eyes openedmore bent, wrinkled aged These very detailed descriptions describe some features for example characters very closely so that the scene is very contrasted from very detailed to the invisible. This suggests that perhaps there are thing in the castle that cannot be seen or describes because they are from the supernatural. H.G. Wells repeats certain phrases during the story, Its your own choosingThis night of all nights. Its your own choosing suggests that the man doesnt want to be in anyway responsible for anything that might happen to him in The Red Room. This night of all nights implies that this night is a particularly dangerous night for the narrator to be going to The Red Room. The narrator is very arrogant, and considers that his opinion that the room is not haunted to be unquestionable, eight and twenty years I have lived and never a ghost have I seen yet. This builds tension because the reader can tell that something out of place is going to happen. The characters are described in a very spooky way for instance, the man with the withered arm when his coughing had ceased for a whilewrinkled, aged. This builds up tension by using gothic description. The speed of the narrative is very varied. As I entered the door closed behind me at once turned the key I found in the lock. Short, fast sentences build up tension because each sentence builds up and up to a summit leaving the reader with a sense of danger. H.G. Wells uses personification regularly. My candle flared and made the shadows cower and quiver the shadows as stepped toward me. This makes the seen more dramatic and a lot for the reader to concentrate on and also gives the impression that there is somebody else present. Many of the techniques used in The Red Room are very similar to the techniques used in The Signalman. However The Red Room can build up more tension than The Signalman because it contains more gothic features. The danger involved in the red room its much more obvious than the danger involved in The Signalman, perhaps because of its timeless quality. Because of the timeless quality we know exactly what kind of dangers await him as soon as the scene is set. The narrator is referred to in the first person in one story which gives the reader a stronger sense of being present in the story and makes it seem more realistic. I think that the most effective means of building tension in a story would be the use of light and description creating contrast between the known and the unknown.

Design Distance Measurer Based On Fpga Information Technology Essay

Design Distance Measurer Based On Fpga Information Technology Essay There are variety applications in range finder devices. Their main use is in areas where traditional measuring devices such as rulers, tape measures and other measuring devices are impropriate. Nowadays, the traditional measuring device can be replace by modern measuring device such as distance measurer based on laser. It has been implemented in short range distance even long range distance. The idea for using laser for range finding came when we can see that contractor had many problems in measuring the distance of the building especially from the floor to the ceiling. When it came to very high ceiling, such as in hall, stadium even close sport-court, the use of rulers or tape measures really a waste of time even need very hard work. This can be classified as uses in low tech world but in the high tech world, this distance measurer based on laser can be use with binocular in military use, especially for sniper. The observer can get the real distance of the enemy where the sniper can snipe from very far distance. This project is designed to be a laser distance measurer of detecting the distance of the object (wall) up to 10 meter away. The design based on simple physics, the distance travelled between two locations can be easily calculated if the speeds of travel are known. This device calculates the time is takes for a laser travel to, rebound off and return from a stationary object 1.2 Problem Statement Before this, we measure the distance using ruler or measuring tape, so this project design is to help human being by saving time and effort so we can measure the distance faster than before. With the help of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) and the laser sensor, the design is more advance with the one click system and we can get the distance measurement by no time. In military use, the project will help by saving the life of the sniper as well. 1.3 Objective of the Project The objective of this project is to design distance measurer based on laser using FPGA as the microcontroller of the design. 1.4 Project Scope This project paper will involve in the analysis and design distance measurer based on laser, and FPGA as the microcontroller. These concepts are: The user will press the button as input. The laser will activate and laser beam will go direct to the object or surface. Laser beam will hit the object or surface and reflected it back. The sensor will picks up the signal. The flight time from the start and end will be measured. The corresponding distance of the reflecting object or surface is displayed in digital which is in 7 segment display. A few things that need to be considered for this design are: Types of laser sensors. How the instrumentation operates. Output characteristic. Many more issues need to be taken for consideration and this issue will be approached further in the coming chapters. 1.5 Project Plan Generally, this project is divided into five main chapters; namely Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology, Results and Discussion and Conclusion. CHAPTER 1 discusses on project overview, problem statement, the objective of the project, the scope in order to achieve the objective of the project and the thesis outline. CHAPTER 2 will focus on the literature review of the theory of laser based distance measurer and its development. There are also detailed introduction of the project and the background of various types of FPGA controller, i.e. VHDL, Verilog-HDL, Altera Quartus.. CHAPTER 3 describes about the methodology that will be used in order to complete this project which include the design of laser distance measurer using FPGA as the controller. This will include the selection of the technique use to measure the distance using the laser and the program to be compile with the FPGA board. Furthermore, it also discuss about how the program work on the hardware so that the project with give the result that I want. CHAPTER 4 discusses on the simulation results obtained. The detailed discussion is made to verify the performance and characteristics of the project. It will also discuss the problems and findings throughout the design and simulation of the system. CHAPTER 5 reviews the project outcomes upon the completion. Some suggestions are also made for better improvement in the future so that if anyone want to continue this project for better performance, they will know the basic of how this project start.. CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Distance measurement Distance is a numerical description of how the objects are apart. In physics or everyday discussion, distance may refer to a physical length, or an estimate based on other criteria. In mathematics, a distance function or metric is a generalization of the concept of physical distance (Distance, 2010). In science, measurement is the process of estimating or determining the magnitude of a quantity like length or mass, compared with a measurement unit, like a meter or a kilogram (Measurement, 2010). The measure term can also be used to refer to a specific result obtained by the method of measurement Distance measurement is a process where we need distance measuring instrument which can measure the distance if the distance is short or long. The SI unit for each measurement is the meter (m) but there are many units of length such as feet, yard, inches etc, but they are not classified as SI unit of length. Remote sensing using the light sensor is widely used for implementing mobile robot. The main attraction of the distance light detecting means is its user friendliness of how to use it without need knowledge about it. The measurement precision is somewhat limited and care must be taken to ensure that the environment is not subject to temperature changes and the sensor should not be confused by stray reflections from material adjacent to the target. Even with these limitations, laser range finder has a wide application especially when the target is far away and the action required is low. But sometimes the laser must be reflected after the laser strike any target, which means that if the laser hit a transparent material, the calculation cannot be done. But the light system based on distance measurement are inherently more accurate than ultrasound techniques because of the narrow beam angles commonly used and the restrictions of freedom inevitably fundamentally mechanical acoustic signal generation and detection. These are wide ranges of techniques that can be used to measure distance using light. These vary greatly in cost and function of the laser distance measuring system is very expensive in cost compared to the system for measuring distance using ultrasonic. 2.2 Optical Distance Measurement 2.2.1 Introduction Wide variety of industrial, commercial and research use optical sensor for distance measurement. Most sensors use visible or infrared laser beam to project a light spot on a target, the surface on which distance should be measured, the distance from the place back in the light detecting portion of the probe is measuring several ways There are several factors to consider when specifying a laser distance sensor. They include maximum range, sensitivity, target reflectance and specularity, accuracy and resolution and sampling frequency. 2.2.2 Definition Some of the terms that related to optical sensing (e.g. laser or ultrasonic) and distance measurement that must be take notes as some knowledge before the measurement can be done. Some of the knowledge that must be take notes is defined and described briefly here (Glossary of Laser Sensor Terminology, 2010). Target: When a laser pointed at some surface, the light is reflected into the detector in an optical sensor. This can refer to a surface or material designed to reflect light, in which the sensor is pointed. To determine the maximum range of a sensor, reflectance target is the most important factor Cooperative Target: A target or any material designed by the manufacture to reflect the light to a sensor detector. It also provides the return signal to the receiver input higher after the laser beam and more. Cooperative target include glass cube, reflectors corner, retro reflective tape and other material made by several manufacturers. In some applications, the mirror can also be used as targets of cooperation. Figure 2.1: Cooperative Target (Module 6) Uncooperative Target: The material is not specifically designed to reflect light onto the sensor while taking the measurement. Can be generally referred to an object that scattering light. The term is used because the target in return cannot be reflected beam, this includes metal or painted surfaces, liquids and solids or loose granular Figure 2.2: Uncooperative Target (Module 6) Retro reflection: The reflection of light off a target object or surface back in the direction from which it came, for a wide range of angle of incident, either it came in 180 ° reflection or any degree as long it reflect to it sources. It can be said that the retro reflection will produce minimum scattering light. Retro reflection is achieved through multiple reflections within a retro reflector. Retro reflectors include corner cubes and retro reflective tape. A high quality corner cube retro reflector will return virtually all the light entering it to its source. Corner cubes may be used to extend range hundreds or thousands of times over ordinary surfaces. A corner cube array was left on the moon to allow accurate measurement of its distance from the earth. Some of the example item that commonly being used in many applications is retro reflective tape. It typically consists of microspheres or cubes of glass or plastic which act like many tiny retro reflectors. Figure 2.3: Retro reflection Surface (Retroreflector, 2010) Diffuse Reflection: This terms is being use when a light strikes the target and scattered over a wide angle which mean the incident ray reflected in many angles.. Plain white paper of flat (not glossy) wall paint is good diffuse materials. It can be classified as the best uncooperative targets, and may be measured to over a wide range of incident angles (up to 80 degrees for some materials). Untitled.jpg Figure 2.4: Diffuse Reflection Surface (Diffuse Reflection, 2010) Specular Reflection: It occurs when the light strikes a shiny or mirror-like surface and is reflected away in one angle which is same to the angle it reflects. Glass, liquid surfaces and polished metal are specula and generally it needs a sensor configured specifically for specula surfaces. This behaviour is described in the law of reflection where it totally follows the law itself. Figure 2.5: Specular Reflection Surface (Specular Reflection, 2010) Reflectance: The amount of light reflected from the target, expressed as a percentage of incidents light. Diffuse reflectance refers to the amount of light scattered in all directions by a diffuse target. Specular reflectance refers to the amount of reflected light is reflected for example a mirror. Reflectance depends on the target color and composition and the frequency of light is reflected. Diffuse surfaces often vary from 3% to 95% reflectance. Many surfaces such as pain and glossy coated paper are diffuse and specular components of reflection Maximum Range: The maximum distance of sensors that picks up the reflected light and to obtain an accurate measurement of the distance. The maximum range may be limited by laser power, the amount of light reflected from the target and the sensitivity of the detector. It may also be limited by the measurement method used and the distance that the sensor is accurately calibrated Laser Power: It is the optical power level emitted by the laser sensor. The power can be specified as average power or peak power and average, if the sensor output pulses of intermittent light. If all other factors being equal, the maximum range increases in proportion to the square root of laser power, if power is multiplied by four, it will double the maximum range it can achieved. Laser power is expressed in Watts Mill (mW) or watts (W). Sample Rate: The frequency of a sensor updates its output range. The sampling frequency capability of remote sensors varies widely, depending on the measurement method that being used and the design of the devices. The sampling frequency can be as low as one sample every few seconds and run a million samples per second.. Response Time: It is the delay between the time changes in target position and the time changes of the sensor output. This may be more than one sample interval, if the sensor is processing or calibration of the intermediate samples during transmission of the previous sample and then taking the next measurement. Sensitivity: A measure of the ability to obtain a reading on a dark target or with low laser power. Sensitivity decreases at long ranges. Depth of Field: The span of distance over which a measurement sensor can measure distances accurately. This may be limited by the approach of light focus collection and the maximum distance that reflect enough light to the sensor. These two factors will determine how changes in the sensitivity of the sensor with distance. 2.2.3 Performance Of Optical Sensor On Specula And Diffuse Targets All sensors require a bit of laser light to the back surface of the target to operate. The amount of light needed is a measure of the sensitivity of the device. In general, the most sensitive devices are more expensive and accurate measurement of high sampling frequency requires more thought than for lower sampling frequencies. For diffuse targets, the higher the reflectance of the target, the best performance of a sensor will be. Lightweight materials such as wood, paper or white paint is non-cooperative targets that work well at all distances. The 50 darkest carbonaceous materials feet from a rangefinder can return only one ten-millionth of the light that reaches them at a rangefinder. The maximum range and depth of field can be limited to as little as 1.5 of what is possible with ordinary, light-colours surfaces. In addition to the amount of light a surface reflects the way light is reflected can affect the performance of an optical sensor. Many surfaces are partly specula and partially diffuse. These can be difficult to measure the amount of light reflected to a sensor may vary considerably with the angle of the target surface. 2.2.4 Accuracy, Repeatability and Resolution The accuracy of a sensor is a measure of the difference can be provided between the reading of a sensor and the actual distance measured. The resolution is the smallest change in measured distance. The resolution is the smallest change in the distance a sensor can detect and is usually a value smaller than the precision error. Accuracy can be affected by reflection from the target temperature, ambient light, which will generally not affect the resolution. Repeatability is the measure of the stability of the sensor over time. Generally, the sample repeatability sample will be lower for very fast sampling rates, because less time is used for measuring average. As the sampling frequency is lowered, the repeatability will improve, but this cannot continue indefinitely. Beyond some deceleration rate of the sample, the repeatability will start to get worse as the long-term drift in the components and changes in temperature cause changes in output of the sensor. 2.2.5 Spot Size and Divergence Other specifications which may be important are the laser spot size and divergence of the beam. Some applications require a small spot for high-resolution, measurement while others require a larger diameter spot of averaging rough surfaces or for eye safety concerns. 2.2.6 Visible and Infrared Lasers Both visible and infrared (IR) laser are used in distance measurement. For some applications, the advantage of being able to see the spot is an advantage, while others do not want the place to be seen. For some sensors, they have two versions of visible and infrared. IR versions are slightly more sensitive and more accurate than the version visible and IR models have a wider range of laser powers. 2.2.7 Class of Lasers 2.2.7,1 Class I It has no possibility damaging the eye. That is because of a low power of the output (in which eye damage case is impossible, even after the hours of exposure), or because of an enclosure preventing the access of the users to the laser beam during normal operation, any individual, independently of the conditions of exposure to the eyes or the skin, No one can expect to be wounded by a laser of class I. No requirements of safety are necessary to use with the devices of laser class. The lasers of class I are apparatuses with low power which are regarded as sure of all the potential dangers. Some examples of the use of the laser of class I are as follows: the printers laser, CD-ROM devices, the geological equipment of survey and the laboratory equipment of analysis (Laser Safety, 2010). Figure 2.6: Example of Class I Application Laser Printer (Application of Laser Product, 2008) 2,2,7,2 Class II Class II laser can damage the eyes of the person if deliberately looks in the beam for one prolonged period (i.e > 15 minutes). Power of output can be up to 1 mW. This category includes the lasers that emitting a visible light. Certain pointers lasers are in this category. The lasers of class II are of low power which is less than 1mW, lasers of the visible light which could cause damage with the eyes of a person. Some examples of laser use of class II are: demonstrations in class, the pointers laser, devices of aiming and the distance measuring equipment. Avoid looking in a laser beam of class II or pointing a laser beam of class II in the eyes of another person. Avoid looking at class II of the beams laser with telescopic devices. To carry out that the light of a laser beam of class II in the eyes causes a normal reaction to divert the glance or to close the eyes (Laser Safety Policy, 2010). Figure 2.7: Example of Class II Application Barcode Scanner (Application of Laser Product, 2008) 2.2.7.3 Class IIa Laser class where it is in the low-power output of Class II ans the laser requires in excess of 1000 seconds of continuous viewing to produce a burn to the retina. Commercial laser scanners are in this subclass (Laser Safety, 2010). Figure 2.8: Example of Class IIa Application Laser Disco Light (Starfield Projector, 2007) 2.2.7.4 Class IIIa The lasers of class IIIa are from continuous wave. The lasers in this class are most of the time dangerous in combination with the optical instruments which change the density of diameter or power of beam. The power of the output is not exceeding 5 MW. The density of power of beam cannot exceed 2.5 mW/square centimetres. Many sights of laser for weapons with fire and indicators of laser are in this category of devices with intermediate output power (1-5 mW). Some examples of the uses of laser of class IIIa are identical to that laser of class II with the most popular uses being indicators of laser and modules of laser scanner. The direct viewing of the laser beam of IIIa of class could be dangerous with the eyes. Directly do not look at the laser beam of IIIa of class (Laser Safety, 2010) . Figure 2.9: Example of Class IIIa Application Military Equipment (Marushin M16A1) 2.2.7.5 Class IIIb The lasers in this class can damage if the beam enters the eye directly. This generally applies to the lasers actuated starting from 5-500 mW. The lasers in this category can damage permanent eye with exposures of 1/100th one second or less according to the force of the laser and the lasers at the end of high power of this class can also present a fire hazard and can slightly burn the skin. A diffuse reflection is generally not dangerous but the specular reflections can be like dangerous that is direct exposures. All times that occupying a control field of laser, carry the suitable protection of eye. Protective Eyewear is recommended when the direct viewing of beam of the lasers of IIIb of class can occur. Some examples of the uses of laser of IIIb of class are spectrometry, stereo lithography, and the light of entertainment shows (Laser Safety Policy, 2010). Figure 2.10: Example of Class IIIb Application Military Equipment (Azari, 1998-2009) 2.2.7.6 Class IV The lasers of class which is the majority of entertainment, industrialists, scientists, military and medical are in this category. Some examples of use of laser of class IV are surgery, research, drilling, cutting, welding, and the lasers micromachining in this class produced powers moreover than >500mW or pulsed of >10 J/cm2 in the beam and can damage considerably and permanent the eye or the skin without being magnify by optical system of eye or instrumentation. It can be dangerous to peel or observe diffuse reflexions of the laser beam in the nominal zone of risk. The lasers of class IV are devices of high power. The direct beam and the diffuse reflections of the lasers of class IV are dangerous with the eyes and the skin. The devices of laser of class IV can also be a fire hazard according to the reaction of the target once struck. Orders much larger are required to ensure the sure exploitation of this class of the devices of laser. All times that occupying a control field of las er, carry the suitable protection of eye. The majority of the damage of eye of laser occur reflected beams of the light of laser of class IV, thus maintain all materials reflective left the beam. Do not place your hand or any other part of body in the laser beam of class IV (Laser Safety, 2010). Figure 2.11: Example of Class IV Application Laboratory Equipment (Oxford, 2009) 2.2.8 Method of Measuring Distance Based On Laser Lasers can be used in various ways to measure distances or travel without physical contact. Laser length measurements allow the most sensitive and accurate records for extremely rapid and larger measurement ranges, even if these qualities are usually not combined with a single technique. According to specific requests, very different technical approaches may be appropriate. Some laser applications such as in architecture, inspection of manufacturing facilities, crime scene investigation (CSI), and the army (Paschotta D. R., 2010). 2.2.8.1 Triangular Measurement Method It exploits the ability of a laser beam to propagate in a well-collimated form (ie with small divergence) over long distances. In a typical case, the laser beam illuminates a point and the laser is essentially used as a pointer. Diffuse or specular reflections of this item are followed by a detector that is mounted in a distance from the laser beam, so that the laser source, object and detector form a triangle. The principal is same like the ship trying to find the distance from the shore (Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology, 2010). Figure 2.12: Triangulation Method (B., C., D., 2010) The high detection rate, it is possible to control the position of a moving or vibrating example: part of some machines. The precision obtained is very accurate compared with other devices. For diffuse reflections, the distance may be limited by the obligation to receive a sufficient amount of reflected optical power, with specular reflection, a greater distance can be measured, but a sort of angular alignment is required (Paschotta D. R., 2010). 2.2.8.2 Time-Of-Flight Measurement Method Time of flight measurements are often used to measure a distance, used for example in an airplane, possibly in the form of laser scanning radar. Here, a device sends an optical pulse and measure short time until a reflected portion of the pulse is controlled. The distance is then calculated using the speed of light. This method usually used for measuring distance, like hundreds of meters or several miles. By using advanced techniques (involving high-quality telescopes, very sensitive photo detector, etc..) With the precision of a few centimeters, it is possible to measure e.g. the distance between Earths and to obtain an accurate profile of a dam. Over time, measures are preferably used in flight for long distances, the beam quality of laser source is crucial. For large distances, high pulse energies are required. This may raise issues of laser safety, especially if the laser wavelength is not in the eye safe region. For nanojoule to microjoule pulse energies (as required for medium distances), it is possible to use a chip laser passive Q-switched Er: Yb glass, which can generate pulses rather short (the duration of the order of 1 ns) with pulse energies of Yb: about 10 ÃŽÂ ¼J in the spectral region to eye safety (Paschotta D. R., 2010). 2.2.8.3 Phase Shift Measurement Method The method of phase shift usually use in laser rangefinders, a technique for measuring distances in the following manner. A laser beam with sinusoidally modulated optical power is sent to a target. Some reflected light (diffuse sources or specular reflections) is monitored, and phase modulation power is compared to the light sent. The phase shift obtained is 2à Ã¢â€š ¬ times the time of flight time frequency modulation. This shows that higher modulation frequencies can result in better spatial resolution. Although the phase shift is directly proportional to the duration of the flight, the length of time of flight method should be reserved for cases where one really measures a delay time more directly. Figure 2.13: Phase Shift Method (Dixon Henlich, 1997) With regard to an interferometer, the phase shift method has an ambiguity in the distance, because with the distance from the phase varies periodically. However, the frequency is much greater than in an interferometer, since the frequency modulation is much smaller than the optical frequency. In addition, ambiguity can be easily removed, for example, by measuring with two different modulation frequencies. 2.3 FPGA Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA) are ICs that contain an array of identical logic blocks with programmable interconnections. It also can be classified as one of the programmable logic device (PLD). There are also some other type of PLD which is Simple Programmable Logic Device (SPLD) and Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD). The user can program the function realized by each logic block and the connections between the blocks. FPGAs have revolutionized the way prototyping and designing are done. The flexibility offered by reprogrammable FPGAs has enhanced the design process. There are a variety of FPGA products available in market now. Xilinx, Altera, Lattice Semiconductor, Actel, Cypress, Quick Logic and Atmel are examples of companies that design and sell FPGAs. 2.3.1 DE2 Board Figure 2.14: DE2 Board Model EP2C35F672C6 (DE2 Development and Education User Manual) The following hardware is provided on the DE2 board: Altera Cyclone ® II 2C35 FPGA device Altera Serial Configuration device EPCS16 USB Blaster (on board) for programming and user API control; both JTAG and Active Serial (AS) programming modes are supported 512-Kbyte SRAM 8-Mbyte SDRAM 4-Mbyte Flash memory (1 MByte on some boards) SD Card socket 4 pushbutton switches 8 toggle switches 18 red user LEDs 9 green user LEDs 50-MHz oscillator and 27-MHz oscillator for clock sources 24-bit CD-quality audio CODEC with line-in, line-out, and microphone-in jacks VGA DAC (10-bit high-speed triple DACs) with VGA-out connector TV Decoder (NTSC/PAL) and TV-in connector 10/100 Ethernet Controller with a connector USB Host/Slave Controller with USB type A and type B connectors RS-232 transceiver and 9-pin connector PS/2 mouse/keyboard connector IrDA transceiver Two 40-pin Expansion Headers with diode protection 2.3.2 Block Diagram of the DE2 Board Figure 2.15: Block Diagram of DE2 Board Model EP2C35F672C6 (DE2 Development and Education User Manual) 2.3.3 Cyclone II Altera Cyclone II FPGA density range has 68,416 logic elements (GE) and provide up to 622 usable I / O pins and up to 1.1 Mbits of embedded memory. Cyclone II FPGAs are manufactured on 300mm wafers. The low cost and optimized feature set of Cyclone II FPGAs make ideal solutions for a wide range of automotive, consumer, communications, video processing, test and measurement, and other end-market solutions. Devices that support the Fast-On feature are designated with an A in the code of the controller. The EP2C5A is only available in the class of vehicle speed. The EP2C8A and EP2C20A are only available in the category of industrial speed. The EP2C15A is only available with the Fast-On feature and is available in both commercial and industrial categories. Figure 2.16: DE2 Board Model EP2C35F672C6 (DE2 Development and Education User Manual) 2.3.4 Evolution of Programmable Logic An FPGAs has grown in the past twenty years since the introduction. In the early 1970s, Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs) had been on the market. These devices used two-level logic structures which are AND plane as the first level of logic which generally fixed while the second level known as OR plane which is programmable. Figure 2.17: Some Example Of PLD Basic Circuit (David, 2006) 2.3.5 FPGA Types Configuration Technology Technology Overview And Features SRAM Based An external device program the device on power up. It allows fast reconfiguration. Configuration is volatile. Device can be reconfigured in circuit. Anti-Fuse Based Configuration is set by burning internal fuses to implements the desired functionality. Configuration is non volatile and cannot be changed. EPROM based Configuration is similar to EPROM devices. Configuration is non-volatile. Device must be configured out of the circuit. EEPROM based Configuration is similar to EEPROM devices. Configuration is non-volatile. Device must be configured out of the circuit. 2.3.6 Advantages of FPGAs However they have compensating advantages, largely due to the fact that they are standard parts. FPGA has larger capacity, more architecture and more register than other PLD. It is because the FPGA is the evolution of the PLD before it. There is no wait from completing the design to obtaining a working chip. The design can be programmed into the FPGA and tested immediately. FPGAs are excellent prototyping vehicles. When the FPGA is used in the final design, the jump from prototype to product is much smaller and easier to negotiate. The same FPGA can be used in several different designs, reducing inventory costs. 2.3.7 Disadvantages of FPGAs FPGAs are not custom parts, so they arent good at any particular function as dedicated chip designed for that application. FPGAs are generally slower and burn more power than custom logic. FPGAs are also relatively expensive. 2.3.8Types of FPGA Reprogrammable (SRAM-based) Xilinx, Altera

An Analysis Of Parents and Children, Of Marriage and Single Life, and Of Love :: Of Parents and Children Essays

An Analysis of Bacon's Essays - Of Parents and Children, Of Marriage and Single Life, and Of Love Our modern world was the endeavored dream of the medieval genius Sir Francis Bacon.   In attempt to reach his desired vision, Bacon displayed his convictions in the literary works, The Essays, which are intended to help young people get ahead in life.   Three of these essays: Of Parents and Children, Of Marriage and Single Life, and Of Love, are essays that unfurl common literary characteristics.   In these essays Bacon utilizes logical thought, elegance of phrasing, and precepts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Simple logical thought is the basis and stability in writing.   In Bacon’s essay, Of Parents and Children, I was spared of confusion through the clarity of the points, â€Å"and surely a man shall see the noblest works and foundations have proceeded from childless men, which have sought to express the images of their minds.†Ã‚   Bacon’s statement is very to the point.   It is this simplicity that will allow supportive commentary.   In the commentary is where the writing may be more extravagant.   But the simple logical thoughts Bacon applies, provides the cornerstone of his writing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The impressive, elegance of phrasing, eliminates the bore by adding quenching flavor.   In Bacon’s essay, Of Marriage and Single Life, an intriguing analogy adds spice, â€Å"A single life doth well with churchmen; for charity will hardly water the ground where it must first fill a pool.†Ã‚   The analogy is poetry in an informative essay.   It impresses and tantalizes.   It speaks visually in a world that loves to see.   Elegance of phrasing in literature allows enveloped reading.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cultured precepts in literature are proverbs we can apply in our lives.   In Bacon’s essay, Of Love, there is a strong minded piece of advice, â€Å"You may observe that amongst all the great and worthy persons, (whereof the memory remainth ancient or recent), there is not one that hath been transported to the mad degree of love, which shows that great spirits and great business do keep out of this weak passion.†Ã‚   We live by what we learn.   Through learning we gather wisdom and knowledge and incorporate it in our lives.

Racism in To Kill A Mockingbird :: essays research papers

Racism presents itself in many ways in the town of Maycomb. Some are blatant and open, but others are more insidious. One obvious way that racism presents itself is in the result of Tom Robinson’s trial. Another apparent example is the bullying Jem and Scout had to endure as a result of Atticus’s appointment as Tom Robinson’s defense attorney. A less easily discernible case is the persecution of Mr. Dolphus Raymond, who chose to live his life in close relation with the colored community. Tom Robinson’s trial, and in fact his entire life, was badly affected by racism. It is truly a testament to the corruption of society when a person who has earned a bad reputation is held in higher esteem than a person who was born with it, as is the case with Bob Ewell and Tom Robinson. Even though Tom was obviously honest in his testament, the jury sided with Bob Ewell because he was white. They made this decision despite the fact that the Ewell family was widely known to be a worthless part of society. Jem, not being racially prejudiced, could not understand this mentality. As Atticus pointed out, â€Å"If you (Jem) had been on the jury, son, and eleven other boys like you, Tom would be a free man.† The hatred that the citizens of Maycomb felt towards the black community extended to anyone who became involved with them, especially the Finch family because Atticus was appointed to defend Tom Robinson. Scout and Jem suffered the most from this hatred because their peers were children, who are nearly always less candid than adults. Most of the people who were unhappy with Atticus would just try to keep away from him, which was bad enough. The children however, verbally abused Scout and Jem. Scout responded to this with physical violence, even though it was discouraged by her father. The sad thing is that they were mistreated even by members of their family, like Scout’s cousin Francis. Mr. Dolphus Raymond is another character who suffered from Maycomb’s racism. He was a respected, wealthy member of the community, but then he chose to live with the black community. This was considered a felony by the inhabitants of Maycomb. He knew they would never be able to understand his choice, so he made it easier for them by pretending to be the town drunk.

Music Appreciation Essay

The concert was at the Thayer Hall, a beautiful state of the art facility that is home for the school’s concerts, recitals, and other events. It holds up to 200 people, theater row seating, and the stage is set up fairly close to the first row seats which gives the performance a more personable feel to the audience. The wooden floor stage had a beautiful grand Steinway and Sons Piano set off to the side, that was moved later in the middle for the performance of Clarinet Sonata in E-flat Major, Op. 167. The first piece on the program was Ricochet, composed by Kerry Turner. It was one of Turner’s chamber music ensemble, performed by a brass quintet; two trumpets, horn, trombone, and tuba. The composition was energetic, skillfully played by the quintet in a manner that depicts life journey fast paced to get to the desired place and upon reaching it there is a slowing down pace of life either in peace or dismay. The second piece was Clarinet Sonata in E-flat Major, Op. 167 by Camille Saint-Saens. This piece was performed with two instruments namely clarinet and piano. It had a slow movement, opening with tender, melodies that seemed effortless, up and down tempo, whispering softly. This was a short piece compared to other pieces in the program. It had a romantic voice and more consonance, harmonious, and cantabile movement. Camille Saint-Saens was born in Paris on October 9, 1835. His father died when he was a baby, after only having been married to his mother, Clemence a year and a day. His great aunt, Charlotte Mason, who was a learned person, also became a widow. The two ladies reared and provided for Camille Saint-Saens. He received his introduction to keyboarding from his great aunt at the age of two and a half. He was playing sonatas by the age of five years old. He was writing dance music at the age of 15. According to his auto biography (p.7) â€Å" Liszt had to show by his Galop Chromatique the  distinction that genius can give to the most commonplace themes My waltzes were better. As has always been the case with me I was already composing the music directly on paper with working it out on the piano.† http://books.google.com/books?id=MOcPAAAAYAAJ&dq=camille%20saint-saens&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q=camille%20saint-saens&f=false As Camille later in his life looked over his composition, there wa s no error in it technically, which is quite significant considering he did not have the basic knowledge of the â€Å"science of harmony.† Camille Saint-Saens, by the age of ten, gave concert played Beethoven’s Concerto in C minor and also Mozart’s concertos in B flat. He became the organist at the Church of Madeleine, which was a highly regarded post. He was well known in Paris. A virtuoso who had won prizes for his compositions; Introduction et rondo capriccioso (1863) as well as the Second Piano Concerto (1868). He held a post at Ecole Niedermayer during 1861 and 1865 as a piano professor. He had built life-long friendship with one of his students Gabriel Faure, one of the great composers of the 19th century and early 20th century. He would be what we would call a renaissance man, for his many gifts and interests. He was interested in Science and also a mathematician. During his later years, an avid traveler and writer wrote about his travels, poetry, and philosophical work. His work continued to be inspired by Franz Liszt and Richard Wagner, composed symphonic poems including Danse Macabre in 1874. He is also known for his opera Samson et Dalila. He died in 1921, in Algeria. https://www.sfcv.org/learn/composer-gallery/saint-saà «ns-camille Sou rces: The following websites retrieved on November 29, 2014. The third piece was composed by Giacomo Miluccio, Rhapsody for Clarinet (ca. 1979). This beautiful and technically difficult piece was a solo for clarinet. This piece started off slow, with low pitch then increased in tempo with increasing pitch as well, that continues to a call and response type music, transitioning to dissonance, to slow – low melancholy notes, then picks up to a livelier mood. This piece evoked an uncomfortable feeling inside me, sort of giving a music background to my emotions when I am uneasy, frantic, loosing my sense of direction. I personally would not select this music to unwind after a long day at work. The fourth was selections from Divertissement for Oboe, Clarinet, and Bassoon (1927) composed by Erwin Schulhoff, three movements were played. The Charleston: Allegro began with a brigh tone, upbeat rhythm, producing dance to the beat of the music. The second movement, Romancero: Andantino sounded playful, with the individual instruments playing consecutively in the introduction playing the same note. The tempo is more andantino, relaxed and mezzo forte. The last movement was the Rondo-Finale: Molto Allegro con fuoco, it featured a lively theme, faster tempo (prestissimo), many repeated tones playful notes with all instruments, and concluded fortissimo rushing at the end. The fifth piece was Suite d’aprà ©s Corrette, by Darius Milhaud. This had four movements included in the program, Entree et Rondeau, Tambourin, Musette and Le Coucou. Each of the four movements had very playful melody. Darius Milhaud, One of France’s leading composer of the 20th century. He was born to a Jewish family in Aix-en-Provence. His parents’ Jewish family line came from the Comtadin sect that has been well established in France for hundreds of years and the Italian Sephardim. http://www.anb.org/articles/18/18-03766.html Both of his parents had musical talents and had been playing music with his parents from his early childhood. He learned to play the violin at age 4. At the age of 17, Milhaud went to school at Paris Conservatoire where he ended up focusing on piano and composition, having the musical influence of top French composers like Paul Dukas, Charles Marie Widor (fugue), Andre Gedalge (counterpoint, composition, and orchestration) Nadia Boulanger, Maurice Ravel, George Enesco, Jacques Ibert were his students. http://www.classical.net/music/comp.lst/milhaud.php Milhaud and poet, Paul Claudel established a long collaborative relationship where Milhaud would compose incidental music, while Claudel will produce libretti for Milhaud’s works. Their friendship began when he served as a French attache in Rio de Janeiro in the First World War. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/darius-milhaud-mn0001175393/biography He became part of â€Å"Les Six†, a group of popular French composers under the supervision of Jean Cocteau. The group did not last very long, and had only been able to put together some piano pieces together as a whole group namely, L’Album des Six. http://www.classicalarchives.com/composer/3012.html#tvf=tracks&tv=about http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Six During his tours to foreign countries such as the U.S.A., Brazil, Vienna, London and the U.S.S.R., where he had quickly absorbed the various musical influences of these regions like jazz and Brazilian music. In 1939, he left France after the Nazi installed the Vichy Regime and many of his Jewish relatives were murdered by the Nazi Germans. An invitation to conduct at the Chicago Symphony, had given his family a timely exit visa. Through a friend of his, a famous French conductor then at the San Francisco Symphony as a conductor, Pierre Monteux, organized a teaching post for Milhaud at Mills College in Oakland, California. He is â€Å"often perceived as the champion of polytonality.† He may not be the inventor of this technique, he was able to use the technique to its possibilities. He produced at least 440 music pieces, including 12 ballets, nine operas, 12 symphonies, six chamber symphonies, 18 string quartet. He also continued to show his identity with France and the Jewish religion though his music. He later returned to France and kept a similar teaching post at Paris Conservatoire until 1971 along with his post in Mills College. http://www.classicalarchives.com/composer/3012.html#tvf=tracks&tv=about He died in 1974. http://www.milkenarchive.org/people/view/all/574/Darius+Milhaud Sources: All websites retrieved on November 30, 2014 The final piece was Divertissement for Oboe, Clarinet, and Bassoon by Jean Franà §aix. The first movement was allegretto assai, it had a fast beat and very playful. This piece had a lot of dissonance. The Elegie had low pitch, the bassoon was setting the tone to a mournful sound, played in  harmony by the clarinet and oboe. The Scherzo, was the last movement played, it had a lot of energy, moving very fast. It sounded like a music for dancing, with contrasting tone color. Jean Franà §aix was born to a family of musicians on May 23, 1912. His father, Alfred Franà §aix spent sixteen years as the director for the Le Mans Conservatory of Music. His mother was a teacher and choir director also at the Conservatory. He had an early music influence, started learning piano at four, at ten he was taking music lessons with Isidor Philipp,whose long list of students were significant pianists, composers, and conductors, who was also a long time friend of Claude Debussy. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidor_Philipp Franà §aix, also studied music with Nadia Boulanger, who was a French composer, conductor, who also had a long list of well known students of musicians and composers of the 20th century. Jean Franà §aix at ten years old, composed â€Å"Pour Jacqueline† in honor of his cousin, and was published after two years. http://www.classicalarchives.com/composer/2535.html#tvf=tracks&tv=about He met Maurice Ravel in 1923, who had encouraged the young Franà §aix, to pursue his path that he is currently taking. He won the first prize at the Paris Conservatoire when he was 18. In 1932, he successfully gained popularity at the premiere performance of his Concertino for Piano and Orchestra at the Baden-Baden Chamber Music Festival, in Germany. He became sought after after this that he was commissioned to write music for sixteen ballets. He had completed and extensive collection of works including orchestral works, film music, vocal works as well as chamber music. He served at Ecole Normale de Musique in Paris teaching from 1959 to 1962. According to Schott music website, although Jean Franà §aix had exposure, influence, and fondness for the French Impressionism and the Neoclassicism, and his close relationship with Francis Pulenc and the â€Å"Groupe Des Six,† â€Å"Jean Franà §aix never felt committed to any particular musical ideology.† http://www.schott-music.com/shop/persons/featured/jean-francaix/ Jean Franà §aix died in 1997, his major work, written in 1939, The Apocalypse of Saint John, first performed in 1942, and was later played at his memorial  service at Le Mans Cathedral in 1999. http://www.classicalarchives.com/composer/2535.html#tvf=tracks&tv=about (Sources: all websites retrieved on November 30, 2014) The center stage’s design seemed very intimate to me in terms of the close proximity of the audience to the performers. From where I was sitting (left side, third row from the stage), I noticed that the instrumentalist were exchanging glances, waiting or taking the lead with each melody. I noticed that the instrumentalist had to tune their instruments before they start their pieces. They also seem to be constantly licking their lips. One striking event that I noticed, that I probably will not notice at a different venue where the stage is at a farther distance to the audience, is that the instrumentalists that played as a group, had a way of communicating with each other by glances and nods, whether to play solo, duo or trio. They played their musical instruments with such grace and poise. The moment the instrumentalist started performing the audience were very enthralled with the sound of the music. It was quite a life enriching experience. There was certain beauty and somewhat felt spiritual as I watch the instrumentalist play fantastic sounds with each of their instruments. The Colburn Conservatory School director welcomed the audience to the concert and with pride mentioned that most of their students have won the Pasadena Showcase House Instrumental Competition. Jay,  I am hoping if you would be able to help me describe the following. I don’t exactly know how to go about writing description of this final music pieces. If you can, I would really appreciate it. 7. A full description of the final musical piece on the concert – 10 points Divertissement for Oboe, Clarinet, and Bassoon by Jean Franà §aix, 1912-1997 Prelude https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQywosBYkac Allegretto Assai https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W682MdjDb4o